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DS1302 Real Time Clock Module (DS1302Z clock chip,32.768KHZ crystal)

Reference 668

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Description

DS1302 Real Time Clock

The DS1302 is a Real Time Clock (RTC) or TimeKeeping Chip with a build-in Trickle-Charger.

Important note : Cheap modules with the DS1302 and DS1307 have often problems with the crystal and the voltage. They often don't work very well. You are strongly advised to use a DS3231, which is very reliable and accurate and needs only a battery to run (the crystal is inside the DS3231).

This is a cheap module with the DS1302:

(photo by Krodal, Public Domain. The RST pin is the old name for the CE pin. This circuit has pull-down resistors which are an extra, in many cases they are not needed.)

The page at maxim for the DS1302 with all information and datasheet: http://www.maxim-ic.com/datasheet/index.mvp/id/2685

For other programs and Real Time Clock chips, see the Time-section in the Playground index.

Connect it to the Arduino

The DS1302 can be easily connected to the Arduino. Three pins are needed for the interface (CE, I/O, SCLK), and Vcc2 should be connected to +5V (or +3.3V). The Vcc1 is for a battery or a rechargable battery or a supercap.
A crystal of 32.768kHz should be connected to X1 and X2.

The DS1302 will run with a voltage from 2.0V to 5.5V.

The three pins for the interface should avoid to use the internal pull-up resistors of the Arduino. The DS1302 has internal pull-down resistors, and the CE and SCLK lines should be low when inactive.

Some schematics on the internet have pull-up resistors on the three interface lines. That is wrong. Other schematics use two 22pF with the crystal. That is also wrong. See the datasheet for full specifications and a circuit.

Interfacing the DS1302

The DS1302 uses three lines (CE, I/O, SCLK). It is not I2C, it's not OneWire, and it is not SPI. The most used name is "3-wire interface".

The communication is straight forward, with one strange thing:

If a byte is read, the addres is written first. The last clock pulse of the address (using the rising edge) is also the first clock pulse of the data to read (using the falling edge). So the code has to detect that condition to prevent an extra clock pulse.

Reading valid clock data.

During reading, the clock could rollover. That would result in bad clock data. To prevent that, the DS1302 has a buffer to store the clock data. That buffer can be read in a single communication session, called a "burst" mode.

Any valid program should therefor use that "burst" mode to read the clock data.

The Year data of the DS1302 is only two digits (0-99). The Year '0' is 2000, and not 1970 or 1980. It has a Leap-Year compensation from 2000 up to 2099 (for a value of 0-99).

The DS1302 does not use Daylight Saving Time ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_saving_time ).

Ram

The chip has 31 bytes of ram. The data in this ram will get lost if the Arduino is off, and the battery (or supercap) gets empty.
To store data, the EEPROM section of the AVR chip (the microprocessor used in the Arduino) is a much better choice.

Code

The standard date and time functions like: strftime(), timelocal(), getdate(), mktime() are not available for the Arduino environment. Arduino uses the AVR GCC compiler which has no such functions.
At this moment (2012) there is no official library for date and time functions for the Arduino.

The most used date and time functions for the Arduino : http://playground.arduino.cc/Code/time

For the name of a month, this page contains many languages: http://www.omniglot.com/language/time/months.htm

The code below contains basic interface functions for the DS1302. Use it with Arduino 1.0.3 or higher.

Code improvement:

I was noted that the code could be improved. Reading from the DS1302 I/O line is only valid during SCLK low. During SCLK high, the I/O line could be set as input. That way the check for the 7th bit is not needed, since the line is always released.

By using a structure with bit fields, reading and writing the clock data is very simple.

The code below uses the European 24-hour format.

The size of the sketch is about 7k and will fit in a ATmega8.

// DS1302 RTC
// ----------
//
// Open Source / Public Domain
//
// Version 1
// By arduino.cc user "Krodal".
// June 2012
// Using Arduino 1.0.1
// Version 2
// By arduino.cc user "Krodal"
// March 2013
// Using Arduino 1.0.3, 1.5.2
// The code is no longer compatible with older versions.
// Added bcd2bin, bin2bcd_h, bin2bcd_l
// A few minor changes.
//
//
// Documentation: datasheet
//
// The DS1302 uses a 3-wire interface:
// - bidirectional data.
// - clock
// - chip select
// It is not I2C, not OneWire, and not SPI.
// So the standard libraries can not be used.
// Even the shiftOut() function is not used, since it
// could be too fast (it might be slow enough,
// but that's not certain).
//
// I wrote my own interface code according to the datasheet.
// Any three pins of the Arduino can be used.
// See the first defines below this comment,
// to set your own pins.
//
// The "Chip Enable" pin was called "/Reset" before.
//
// The chip has internal pull-down registers.
// This keeps the chip disabled, even if the pins of
// the Arduino are floating.
//
//
// Range
// -----
// seconds : 00-59
// minutes : 00-59
// hour : 1-12 or 0-23
// date : 1-31
// month : 1-12
// day : 1-7
// year : 00-99
//
//
// Burst mode
// ----------
// In burst mode, all the clock data is read at once.
// This is to prevent a rollover of a digit during reading.
// The read data is from an internal buffer.
//
// The burst registers are commands, rather than addresses.
// Clock Data Read in Burst Mode
// Start by writing 0xBF (as the address),
// after that: read clock data
// Clock Data Write in Burst Mode
// Start by writing 0xBE (as the address),
// after that: write clock data
// Ram Data Read in Burst Mode
// Start by writing 0xFF (as the address),
// after that: read ram data
// Ram Data Write in Burst Mode
// Start by writing 0xFE (as the address),
// after that: write ram data
//
//
// Ram
// ---
// The DS1302 has 31 of ram, which can be used to store data.
// The contents will be lost if the Arduino is off,
// and the backup battery gets empty.
// It is better to store data in the EEPROM of the Arduino.
// The burst read or burst write for ram is not implemented
// in this code.
//
//
// Trickle charge
// --------------
// The DS1302 has a build-in trickle charger.
// That can be used for example with a lithium battery
// or a supercap.
// Using the trickle charger has not been implemented
// in this code.
//

// Set your own pins with these defines !
#define DS1302_SCLK_PIN 6 // Arduino pin for the Serial Clock
#define DS1302_IO_PIN 7 // Arduino pin for the Data I/O
#define DS1302_CE_PIN 8 // Arduino pin for the Chip Enable

// Macros to convert the bcd values of the registers to normal
// integer variables.
// The code uses separate variables for the high byte and the low byte
// of the bcd, so these macros handle both bytes separately.
#define bcd2bin(h,l) (((h)*10) + (l))
#define bin2bcd_h(x) ((x)/10)
#define bin2bcd_l(x) ((x)%10)

// Register names.
// Since the highest bit is always '1',
// the registers start at 0x80
// If the register is read, the lowest bit should be '1'.
#define DS1302_SECONDS 0x80
#define DS1302_MINUTES 0x82
#define DS1302_HOURS 0x84
#define DS1302_DATE 0x86
#define DS1302_MONTH 0x88
#define DS1302_DAY 0x8A
#define DS1302_YEAR 0x8C
#define DS1302_ENABLE 0x8E
#define DS1302_TRICKLE 0x90
#define DS1302_CLOCK_BURST 0xBE
#define DS1302_CLOCK_BURST_WRITE 0xBE
#define DS1302_CLOCK_BURST_READ 0xBF
#define DS1302_RAMSTART 0xC0
#define DS1302_RAMEND 0xFC
#define DS1302_RAM_BURST 0xFE
#define DS1302_RAM_BURST_WRITE 0xFE
#define DS1302_RAM_BURST_READ 0xFF

// Defines for the bits, to be able to change
// between bit number and binary definition.
// By using the bit number, using the DS1302
// is like programming an AVR microcontroller.
// But instead of using "(1<<X)", or "_BV(X)",
// the Arduino "bit(X)" is used.
#define DS1302_D0 0
#define DS1302_D1 1
#define DS1302_D2 2
#define DS1302_D3 3
#define DS1302_D4 4
#define DS1302_D5 5
#define DS1302_D6 6
#define DS1302_D7 7

// Bit for reading (bit in address)
#define DS1302_READBIT DS1302_D0 // READBIT=1: read instruction

// Bit for clock (0) or ram (1) area,
// called R/C-bit (bit in address)
#define DS1302_RC DS1302_D6

// Seconds Register
#define DS1302_CH DS1302_D7 // 1 = Clock Halt, 0 = start

// Hour Register
#define DS1302_AM_PM DS1302_D5 // 0 = AM, 1 = PM
#define DS1302_12_24 DS1302_D7 // 0 = 24 hour, 1 = 12 hour

// Enable Register
#define DS1302_WP DS1302_D7 // 1 = Write Protect, 0 = enabled

// Trickle Register
#define DS1302_ROUT0 DS1302_D0
#define DS1302_ROUT1 DS1302_D1
#define DS1302_DS0 DS1302_D2
#define DS1302_DS1 DS1302_D2
#define DS1302_TCS0 DS1302_D4
#define DS1302_TCS1 DS1302_D5
#define DS1302_TCS2 DS1302_D6
#define DS1302_TCS3 DS1302_D7

// Structure for the first 8 registers.
// These 8 bytes can be read at once with
// the 'clock burst' command.
// Note that this structure contains an anonymous union.
// It might cause a problem on other compilers.
typedef struct ds1302_struct
{
  uint8_t Seconds:4;   // low decimal digit 0-9
  uint8_t Seconds10:3;   // high decimal digit 0-5
  uint8_t CH:1;     // CH = Clock Halt
  uint8_t Minutes:4;
  uint8_t Minutes10:3;
  uint8_t reserved1:1;
  union
  {
  struct
  {
  uint8_t Hour:4;
  uint8_t Hour10:2;
  uint8_t reserved2:1;
  uint8_t hour_12_24:1; // 0 for 24 hour format
  } h24;
  struct
  {
  uint8_t Hour:4;
  uint8_t Hour10:1;
  uint8_t AM_PM:1;   // 0 for AM, 1 for PM
  uint8_t reserved2:1;
  uint8_t hour_12_24:1; // 1 for 12 hour format
  } h12;
  };
  uint8_t Date:4;     // Day of month, 1 = first day
  uint8_t Date10:2;
  uint8_t reserved3:2;
  uint8_t Month:4;   // Month, 1 = January
  uint8_t Month10:1;
  uint8_t reserved4:3;
  uint8_t Day:3;   // Day of week, 1 = first day (any day)
  uint8_t reserved5:5;
  uint8_t Year:4;     // Year, 0 = year 2000
  uint8_t Year10:4;
  uint8_t reserved6:7;
  uint8_t WP:1;     // WP = Write Protect
};

void setup()
{
ds1302_struct rtc;

Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println(F("DS1302 Real Time Clock"));
Serial.println(F("Version 2, March 2013"));

  // Start by clearing the Write Protect bit
  // Otherwise the clock data cannot be written
  // The whole register is written,
  // but the WP-bit is the only bit in that register.
DS1302_write (DS1302_ENABLE, 0);

  // Disable Trickle Charger.
DS1302_write (DS1302_TRICKLE, 0x00);

// Remove the next define,
// after the right date and time are set.
#define SET_DATE_TIME_JUST_ONCE
#ifdef SET_DATE_TIME_JUST_ONCE

  // Fill these variables with the date and time.
  int seconds, minutes, hours, dayofweek, dayofmonth, month, year;

  // Example for april 15, 2013, 10:08, monday is 2nd day of Week.
  // Set your own time and date in these variables.
seconds = 0;
minutes = 8;
hours = 10;
dayofweek = 2;  // Day of week, any day can be first, counts 1...7
dayofmonth = 15; // Day of month, 1...31
month = 4;  // month 1...12
year   = 2013;

  // Set a time and date
  // This also clears the CH (Clock Halt) bit,
  // to start the clock.

  // Fill the structure with zeros to make
  // any unused bits zero
memset ((char *) &rtc, 0, sizeof(rtc));

rtc.Seconds   = bin2bcd_l( seconds);
rtc.Seconds10  = bin2bcd_h( seconds);
rtc.CH     = 0;   // 1 for Clock Halt, 0 to run;
rtc.Minutes   = bin2bcd_l( minutes);
rtc.Minutes10  = bin2bcd_h( minutes);
  // To use the 12 hour format,
  // use it like these four lines:
  // rtc.h12.Hour = bin2bcd_l( hours);
  // rtc.h12.Hour10 = bin2bcd_h( hours);
  // rtc.h12.AM_PM = 0; // AM = 0
  // rtc.h12.hour_12_24 = 1; // 1 for 24 hour format
rtc.h24.Hour   = bin2bcd_l( hours);
rtc.h24.Hour10 = bin2bcd_h( hours);
rtc.h24.hour_12_24 = 0; // 0 for 24 hour format
rtc.Date     = bin2bcd_l( dayofmonth);
rtc.Date10     = bin2bcd_h( dayofmonth);
rtc.Month   = bin2bcd_l( month);
rtc.Month10   = bin2bcd_h( month);
rtc.Day   = dayofweek;
rtc.Year     = bin2bcd_l( year - 2000);
rtc.Year10     = bin2bcd_h( year - 2000);
rtc.WP = 0;

  // Write all clock data at once (burst mode).
DS1302_clock_burst_write( (uint8_t *) &rtc);
#endif
}

void loop()
{
ds1302_struct rtc;
  char buffer[80];     // the code uses 70 characters.

  // Read all clock data at once (burst mode).
DS1302_clock_burst_read( (uint8_t *) &rtc);

sprintf( buffer, "Time = %02d:%02d:%02d, ",
bcd2bin( rtc.h24.Hour10, rtc.h24.Hour),
bcd2bin( rtc.Minutes10, rtc.Minutes),
bcd2bin( rtc.Seconds10, rtc.Seconds));
Serial.print(buffer);

sprintf(buffer, "Date(day of month) = %d, Month = %d, "
  "Day(day of week) = %d, Year = %d",
bcd2bin( rtc.Date10, rtc.Date),
bcd2bin( rtc.Month10, rtc.Month),
rtc.Day,
  2000 + bcd2bin( rtc.Year10, rtc.Year));
Serial.println( buffer);

delay( 5000);
}

// --------------------------------------------------------
// DS1302_clock_burst_read
//
// This function reads 8 bytes clock data in burst mode
// from the DS1302.
//
// This function may be called as the first function,
// also the pinMode is set.
//
void DS1302_clock_burst_read( uint8_t *p)
{
  int i;

_DS1302_start();

  // Instead of the address,
  // the CLOCK_BURST_READ command is issued
  // the I/O-line is released for the data
_DS1302_togglewrite( DS1302_CLOCK_BURST_READ, true);

  for( i=0; i<8; i++)
  {
  *p++ = _DS1302_toggleread();
  }
_DS1302_stop();
}

// --------------------------------------------------------
// DS1302_clock_burst_write
//
// This function writes 8 bytes clock data in burst mode
// to the DS1302.
//
// This function may be called as the first function,
// also the pinMode is set.
//
void DS1302_clock_burst_write( uint8_t *p)
{
  int i;

_DS1302_start();

  // Instead of the address,
  // the CLOCK_BURST_WRITE command is issued.
  // the I/O-line is not released
_DS1302_togglewrite( DS1302_CLOCK_BURST_WRITE, false);

  for( i=0; i<8; i++)
  {
  // the I/O-line is not released
_DS1302_togglewrite( *p++, false);
  }
_DS1302_stop();
}

// --------------------------------------------------------
// DS1302_read
//
// This function reads a byte from the DS1302
// (clock or ram).
//
// The address could be like "0x80" or "0x81",
// the lowest bit is set anyway.
//
// This function may be called as the first function,
// also the pinMode is set.
//
uint8_t DS1302_read(int address)
{
  uint8_t data;

  // set lowest bit (read bit) in address
bitSet( address, DS1302_READBIT);

_DS1302_start();
  // the I/O-line is released for the data
_DS1302_togglewrite( address, true);
data = _DS1302_toggleread();
_DS1302_stop();

  return (data);
}

// --------------------------------------------------------
// DS1302_write
//
// This function writes a byte to the DS1302 (clock or ram).
//
// The address could be like "0x80" or "0x81",
// the lowest bit is cleared anyway.
//
// This function may be called as the first function,
// also the pinMode is set.
//
void DS1302_write( int address, uint8_t data)
{
  // clear lowest bit (read bit) in address
bitClear( address, DS1302_READBIT);

_DS1302_start();
  // don't release the I/O-line
_DS1302_togglewrite( address, false);
  // don't release the I/O-line
_DS1302_togglewrite( data, false);
_DS1302_stop();
}

// --------------------------------------------------------
// _DS1302_start
//
// A helper function to setup the start condition.
//
// An 'init' function is not used.
// But now the pinMode is set every time.
// That's not a big deal, and it's valid.
// At startup, the pins of the Arduino are high impedance.
// Since the DS1302 has pull-down resistors,
// the signals are low (inactive) until the DS1302 is used.
void _DS1302_start( void)
{
digitalWrite( DS1302_CE_PIN, LOW); // default, not enabled
pinMode( DS1302_CE_PIN, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite( DS1302_SCLK_PIN, LOW); // default, clock low
pinMode( DS1302_SCLK_PIN, OUTPUT);

pinMode( DS1302_IO_PIN, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite( DS1302_CE_PIN, HIGH); // start the session
delayMicroseconds( 4);     // tCC = 4us
}

// --------------------------------------------------------
// _DS1302_stop
//
// A helper function to finish the communication.
//
void _DS1302_stop(void)
{
  // Set CE low
digitalWrite( DS1302_CE_PIN, LOW);

delayMicroseconds( 4);     // tCWH = 4us
}

// --------------------------------------------------------
// _DS1302_toggleread
//
// A helper function for reading a byte with bit toggle
//
// This function assumes that the SCLK is still high.
//
uint8_t _DS1302_toggleread( void)
{
  uint8_t i, data;

data = 0;
  for( i = 0; i <= 7; i++)
  {
  // Issue a clock pulse for the next databit.
  // If the 'togglewrite' function was used before
  // this function, the SCLK is already high.
digitalWrite( DS1302_SCLK_PIN, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds( 1);

  // Clock down, data is ready after some time.
digitalWrite( DS1302_SCLK_PIN, LOW);
delayMicroseconds( 1);   // tCL=1000ns, tCDD=800ns

  // read bit, and set it in place in 'data' variable
bitWrite( data, i, digitalRead( DS1302_IO_PIN));
  }
  return( data);
}

// --------------------------------------------------------
// _DS1302_togglewrite
//
// A helper function for writing a byte with bit toggle
//
// The 'release' parameter is for a read after this write.
// It will release the I/O-line and will keep the SCLK high.
//
void _DS1302_togglewrite( uint8_t data, uint8_t release)
{
  int i;

  for( i = 0; i <= 7; i++)
  {
  // set a bit of the data on the I/O-line
digitalWrite( DS1302_IO_PIN, bitRead(data, i));
delayMicroseconds( 1);     // tDC = 200ns

  // clock up, data is read by DS1302
digitalWrite( DS1302_SCLK_PIN, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds( 1);     // tCH = 1000ns, tCDH = 800ns

  if( release && i == 7)
  {
  // If this write is followed by a read,
  // the I/O-line should be released after
  // the last bit, before the clock line is made low.
  // This is according the datasheet.
  // I have seen other programs that don't release
  // the I/O-line at this moment,
  // and that could cause a shortcut spike
  // on the I/O-line.
pinMode( DS1302_IO_PIN, INPUT);

  // For Arduino 1.0.3, removing the pull-up is no longer needed.
  // Setting the pin as 'INPUT' will already remove the pull-up.
  // digitalWrite (DS1302_IO, LOW); // remove any pull-up
  }
  else
  {
digitalWrite( DS1302_SCLK_PIN, LOW);
delayMicroseconds( 1);     // tCL=1000ns, tCDD=800ns
  }
  }
}

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